給自己的Python小筆記 — 如何自動刪除檔案和資料夾? — 各種方法教學

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攝影師：Evgeny Tchebotarev，連結：Pexels

1. 總表 — 刪除檔案與資料夾的方法比較

2. os.remove() 方法

說明:用以刪除指定路径的檔案

可能報錯原因:

• 指定的檔案非檔案(像是資料夾)或根本不存在
• 沒有權限刪除檔案

舉例: 刪除sample資料夾中的sample_file.txt，並使用try-except來捕捉刪除時遇到的錯誤

import os
​
path = 'sample/'
​
file = 'sample/sample_file.txt'
​
print('Sample Folder:', os.listdir(path))
​
try:
​
  os.remove(file)
​
except OSError as e:
​
  print('Delete Problem: ', e)
​
else:
  print('Delete File')
  print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))

執行結果

Sample Folder: ['level1', 'not_null', 'python_file.py', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file.txt', 'sample_file1.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt', 'test_folder']
Delete File
Sample Folder: ['level1', 'not_null', 'python_file.py', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file1.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt', 'test_folder']

3. os.unlink() 方法

1. 說明: 用以刪除指定路徑的檔案
2. 舉例: 刪除sample資料夾中的python_file.py

import os
​
path = 'sample/'
​
​
print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))
​
os.unlink('sample/python_file.py')
​
print('Delete File')
print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))

執行結果

Sample Folder: ['level1', 'not_null', 'python_file.py', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file1.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt', 'test_folder']
Delete File
Sample Folder: ['level1', 'not_null', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file1.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt', 'test_folder']

4. rmdir() 方法 — 刪除空的資料夾

1. 說明: 刪除資料夾，但資料夾必須為空
2. 舉例: 刪除sample資料夾中的test_folder

import os
​
path = 'sample/'
​
folder = 'sample/test_folder'
print('Sample Folder:', os.listdir(path))
​
try:
​
  os. rmdir(folder)
​
except OSError as e:
​
  print('Delete Problem: ', e)
​
else:
​
  print('Delete File')
  print('Sample Folder: ', os. listdir(path))

執行結果

Sample Folder: ['level1', 'not_null', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file1.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt', 'test_folder']
Delete File
Sample Folder: ['level1', 'not_null', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file1.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt']

5. Pathlib 模組 — 刪除檔案

1. 說明: 用以刪除指定路徑的檔案
2. 舉例: 刪除sample資料夾中的sample_file.txt

from pathlib import Path
​
path = 'sample/'
​
file = Path('sample/sample_file1.txt')
​
print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))
​
try:
​
  file.unlink()
  print('Delete File')
  print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))
​
except OSError as e:
  print (f"Delete Problem: {e.strerror}")
​

執行結果

Sample Folder: ['level1', 'not_null', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file1.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt']
Delete File
Sample Folder: ['level1', 'not_null', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt']

6. removedirs() — 刪除資料夾

1. 說明: 遞迴刪除資料夾，當子資料夾們成功刪除(資料夾必須為空)，才會到其父資料夾們嘗試刪除
2. 舉例: 我建立兩層資料夾(levell裡面包含level2)，level2為空的資料夾，levell為只有装載level2的資料夾，我要將level1整個刪除

import os
​
path = 'sample/'
folder = 'sample/level1/level2'
​
print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))
​
try:
​
  os.removedirs (folder)
​
except OSError as e:
​
  print('Delete Problem:', e)
​
else:
​
  print('Delete File')
  print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))

執行結果

Sample Folder: ['level1', 'not_null', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt']
Delete File
Sample Folder: ['not_null', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt']

7. glob — 使用匹配模式來刪除檔案

1. 說明: 使用匹配的模式搭配remove()來刪除對應規則的檔案
2. 舉例: 刪除sample資料夾中所有以sample_為開頭的txt檔案

import os
​
import glob
​
## 刪除以sample_為開頭的txt檔案
all_text = glob.glob('sample/sample_*.txt')
​
path = 'sample/'
​
print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))
​
for t in all_text:
  try:
    os.remove(t)
​
  except OSError as e:
​
    print('Delete Problem: ', e)
​
print('Delete File')
print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))

執行結果

Sample Folder: ['not_null', 'sample.txt', 'sample_file_example.txt']
Delete File
Sample Folder: ['not_null', 'sample.txt']

8. rmtree() — 直接刪除整個非空的資料夾

舉例: 刪除整個not_null 資料夾

import shutil
​
path = 'sample/'
​
folder = 'sample/not_null'
​
print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))
​
try:
​
  shutil.rmtree (folder)
​
except OSError as e:
​
  print('Delete Problem: ', e)
​
else:
​
  print('Delete File')
  print('Sample Folder: ', os.listdir(path))

執行結果

Sample Folder: ['not_null', 'sample.txt']
Delete File
Sample Folder: ['sample.txt']